Applefritter - Apple I

The Data Domain

Fri, 02 Dec 2005 09:52:41 -0800

This interview is an excerpt from [url=http://www.applefritter.com/replica][i]Apple I Replica Creation[/i][/url], by Tom Owad. Ray Borril began his career in electronics after leaving the US Army in 1956. Employed as a technician at Brookhaven National Labs, he constructed digital systems for nuclear research. Ray enlisted in the USAF in 1958 and attended courses on the computers used in the SAGE system. Honorably discharged from the Air Force in July, 1959, Ray soon founded Applied Digital Data Systems (ADDS) which became one of the leading susppliers of IBM and Teletype compatable CRT Terminals. He moved to Indiana in 1973 to work as a Systems engineer, designing and developing computer bassed systems for psychological research. In February, 1976 Ray opened The Data Domain, one of the pioneering retail computer stores. He retired in 1984. TO: What is your background in computers? RB: If I have any talent at all, it is the task of telling or writing “war stories” of the computer industry, which I have been directly involved with since the fall of 1958. I got into the personal computer business sort of passively in 1975, when in November I attended the famous Kansas City meeting sponsored by Byte Magazine. The purpose was to develop a specification describing the operating parameters of an interface between a serial data port on a personal computer and an audio cassette player so that data could be compatible between systems. It was a lofty but naive objective because virtually every manufacturer in the industry already had a product on the market or at least on the drawing boards. There were more than 25 people there, but I was the only one who did not represent anyone but myself. I met and became somewhat acquainted with Don Tarbell, Don Lancaster, Harry Garland of Cromemco, Hal Chamberlain of The Computer Hobbyist, Lee Felsenstein, the people from Processor Technology and IMSAI, and more. I decided there and then to open a computer store as soon as possible. It took me almost three months, but The Data Domain started in about 750 Sq. Ft. just off the Court House Square, in Bloomington, Indiana, on Feb. 12th 1976. At that time we were authorized dealers for IMSAI, Processor Technology, Cromemco, and several makers of after-market add-ons, as well as TV monitors, keyboards, every computer book we could find, every computer magazine on the market, and even computer generated works of art! At the World ALTAIR Convention in March, I met and became friends with Ted Nelson, author of Compute Lib/Dream Machine. Ted was the keynote speaker and kept the large audience in hysterics for an hour giving his somewhat risqué predictions of the future digital world. Ted was there with his friend Jim Banish, and they told me that they were opening a store in Evanston Ill. and thought we should establish some sort of relationship. They were interested in my experience and talent for selling computers and I could take advantage of their great financial management group. The result was that I became the vice president of the “itty bitty machine company” as well as the sole proprietor of The Data Domain. I have a picture (see figure) of The Data Domain that I took in April or May of 1976. It is my firm belief that we were the first to use the term Personal Computer commercially. DEC used it internally in 1972 or 73. and Apple used it in a Wall Street Journal ad in 1978 and got the credit for making it catch on, but I used it first! [center] TO: How did you become involved with the Apple I? RB: By June the store was going great guns and I was always on the lookout for new products to sell. One day, I got a call from a young man named Steve Jobs. He had just spoken with Jim Banish of the itty bitty machine company who told Steve that I was the guy he would have to convince since I made all the purchasing decisions. He went into his spiel about what a great computer he had since there was no assembly required (a slight exaggeration since one had to wire a power supply, keyboard cable, display monitor and some other ancillary stuff, then find a way to package it all up nicely.) But Steve is a good talker and we needed more products to sell. So, as was routine in those early days, I ordered 15 Apple 1 computers with the optional cassette interface card, sight unseen, on the word of a guy I had never met or heard of, and which would be delivered C.O.D. “soon.” And thus, The Data Domain and the itty bitty machine company became two of the first four dealers for Apple Computer Co. The first dealer was The Byte Shop and the second was Stan Viet's store in New York. The Apple 1 was hard to sell because of the packaging problem, and for some reason we were never supplied with the cassette version of Apple Basic, which made some buyers very unhappy. But, eventually, all fifteen were sold, except for two. One of these was a machine we gave away to the US Olympic Tennis team. Only a few weeks later, it went down with a plane that killed several members and destroyed the Apple 1. The other one stayed in my display case for a couple of years. When it began to gain fame for its design, I decided to take it home and keep it. There it stayed for 25 years until I decided to auction it off in 2001. TO: What was your impression of the Apple I? Did you do any programming for it? RB: Of course, in my case, there was no real personal decision in choosing and purchasing the Apple 1 over some competitor. I listened to Steve's sales pitch and it seemed like a good idea to be able to offer a computer that did not require any soldering skill. It was inexpensive enough to sell, and we had the opportunity to increase the value of the total sale (and increase the profit margins) by selling the things needed to make a complete system, such as a cassette recorder, power supply components, keyboard, monitor, and a case, or a further option, we offered to assemble the whole thing. While my techs wrote some programs for the Apple 1, I did not and only learned to run some demos that we wrote, and things like that. I spent more of my time teaching people how to make interfaces, etc. for all of our computers. I didn't get closely involved with the Apple 1 like I did with the Apple II and S-100 bus computers. TO: What were some common peripherals and modifications for the Apple I? RB: Printers were popular, but in those days about the only printers available to the general public were Teletypewriters and lots of surplus units, both serial and parallel. You wouldn't believe the confusion and frustration of hooking up a simple Model 33 ASR Teletype to a serial interface when you had no idea how a Teletype works and never heard of RS-232C! One of the nice things about the Apple 1 was that it required no modifications to make it run and was a complete, working system once the ancillary stuff was assembled. Occasionally, someone would wish to change from the 6502 processor to the Motorola 6800, which the mother board was designed to allow, or add a serial RS232C interface in the “kludge” area, but these were not ordinary modifications and rarely done. RB: The real fact is that the Apple 1 potential never was exploited by Apple. At the Atlantic City convention in August, all attending dealers were shown a demonstration of the color graphics of the future Apple II and that was the end of orders for the Apple 1.

replica 1

Fri, 03 Nov 2006 12:52:23 -0800

[image:6731 absmiddle] The Briel Computers replica 1 is a fully functional clone of the Apple 1© computer created by Steve Wozniak in 1976 that started Apple Computers©. The replica 1 is available as a kit that you solder all the components onto the circuit board, or preassembled. If you have any questions feel free to email me anytime at [email]vbriel@yahoo.com[/email] A new circuit layout was done to implement a more simple circuit and replace older no longer available IC’s. This new design allows for a smaller board yet still gives all the functionality of the original design. Just like the Apple 1, the keyboard and power supply are not included. Simply add your own PC 386-Pentium© class power supply, a composite TV or monitor and a PS/2 keyboard or Apple II© style ASCII keyboard and you are set. [thumb:4859] replica 1 revision c [b]The new replica 1 SE is now on sale.[/b] Please visit briel computers for more info at [url]http://www.brielcomputers.com[/url] [thumb:6732] The serial I/O board is a unique design made to work with both the replica I and the Apple 1. It is a piggy-back board that goes in the 6821 socket and is transparent to the computer. With this design anything that goes to the video display is sent to the serial I/O board and anything that comes in through the serial I/O is treated like a keystroke. This method reduces the speed of the I/O board to 2400bps but gives the advantage of being able to save BASIC programs as a text file. No setting switches or running software required. Just install it, set up Hyper Terminal, connector your serial cable (not included) and your all set. [b] EDUCATIONAL VOLUME DISCOUNTS[/b] If you want to use the replica 1 as an educational tool, email me at [email]vbriel@yahoo.com[/email] and we can discuss volume educational discounts. [b]SYSTEM INFORMATION[/B] [thumb:6734]____________________[thumb:6733(middle)]____________________[thumb:6735] [b]PICTURES[/b] [thumb:6737(left)]This is the first Replica 1 prototype in its early stage on breadboard. This is when I first got a working version. At this point I had no video display. All I could see was that there were 7 ASCII bits on the PIA. Reading the bits I decoded the binary to ASCII and realized it was trying to output a ‘\’ backslash character. [thumb:6738(left)]This is the breadboard version of the Replica I. At this stage I have hooked up a Basic Stamp microcontroller board to the video out section so that I could display text through a terminal or a computer with a terminal program like HyperTerminal. I still have this board but no IC's are currently installed. I'm hoping to get it up and running again just for fun someday soon. [thumb:6739(left)]The final prototype board. This board has the video circuit implemented displaying 40 X 24 text in the same format that Woz’s terminal section did. At this stage of my prototyping I didn't have the ps/2 interface circuit done so it was not on this or any prototype. I actually added the design of the ps/2 interface with the prototype to make the first revision a boards. Please visit the Applefritter forums under Apple 1 for the latest news and events about the replica 1, apple 1 and other related material. I hope you enjoy the replica as much as I enjoyed creating it. Vince Briel Briel Computers

Apple I Replica Creation

Sun, 09 Apr 2006 20:19:05 -0700

[center] [b]Apple I Replica Creation: Back to the Garage[/b] by Tom Owad Technical Editor: Dr. John Greco Foreword by: Steve Wozniak Available at [url=http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=29552&cgi=product&isbn=193183640X]Powells[/url] and [url=http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/193183640X/applefritter-20]Amazon[/url][/center] [i]"The author's style is conversational and light. Where another author might have been tempted to descend into pedantic lecturing, Tom has deftly avoided this trap. It is a rare gift to be able to teach complex subjects and keep it light. I, for one, am thankful! ... All in all a great read and highly recommended. If you are a Mac enthusiast, an electronics hobbyist or otherwise technically curious, you will enjoy it."[/i] - Will Senn, [url=http://osnews.com/story.php?news_id=10085]OSNews Review[/url] [b]From the Foreword by Steve Wozniak:[/b] “The Apple ][ was really the computer designed from the ground up that would kick off personal computing on a large scale. But the Apple I took the biggest step of all. Some very simple concepts are very hard to do the first time. This computer told the world that small computers should never again come with geeky front panels, but rather with human keyboards, ready to type on." [b]1. BUILD IT[/b] What’s a little dried blood on the breadboard? A small price to pay for having some fun with multimeters, logic probes, wire-wrap tools, soldering irons, TTL chips, circuit boards, chip pullers, and straighteners. [b]2. PROGRAM IT[/b] Tough guys don’t code with Visual Studios and Object Libraries. They program their hardware the most efficient and difficult way possible: assembly language. [b]3. PLAY WITH IT[/b] Once you’re done, begin writing software and modifying the hardware design. The results will both impress and scare your friends. Remember, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. [b]4. MODIFY IT.[/b] McCAD EDS-SE400 is an integrated Electronic Design System which takes the designer through the complete design cycle: Schematic capture, PCB layout, and board fabrication. McCAD software gives the electronic designer the technical range needed, and at the same time provides control and flexibility. The Apple1 Replica was designed with [url=http://www.mccad.com]McCAD EDS SE400[/url]. [b]An in-depth description of the book by author Tom Owad:[/b] The aim of [i]Apple I Replica Creation[/i] is to guide the reader in building, programming, and [i]understanding[/i] the Apple I. The book begins with a history of the Apple I, but not the sort of corporate history you may be used to reading. This account is of the computer itself, the early peripherals and modifications, and the hobbyists and visionaries who bought and used the the Apple I. The second chapter describes the tools and parts needed to complete the project and chapter 3 introduces reader to digital circuits. This chapter is very hands-on. It introduces basic logic gates and a few designs you can build with them. This chapter won't make you an engineer, but it will give you everything you need to start tinkering on your own. [center] In chapter 4 we get down to business with a step-by-step guide to building the Replica I kit. While advanced readers may want to use chapter 7 and the included software to design their own board, the novice will be better served by having a working replica with which to experiment while reading the rest of the chapters. Builders who run into trouble with the kit can fall back on the skills they learned in chapter 3 to diagnose the problem or may ask for guidance on the Apple I Owners Club forum at applefritter.com. [center] The kit assembled, it's time to learn a bit of programming. Chapter 5 is a typical introduction to programming in BASIC, but Woz's implementation of BASIC for the Apple I contains a lot of idiosyncrasies, making this chapter a valuable reference for any Apple I programmer. Chapter 6 teaches the reader how to program in assembly. This chapter explains how to use a cross-assembler and introduces the (MOS 6502) processor's assembly instructions through exercises and sample programs. [center] The final chapter, Understanding the Apple I, draws together everything learned in previous chapters to examine how the replica really works. Memory addressing, interactions with the bus, the functions of the processor, and in/out are all discussed. The beginner will come away from this chapter with a basic understanding of each chip on the replica's circuit board. More advanced readers will have all the information they need to make their own modified replica circuits. [center] The Replica I kit described in this book can be purchased from Briel Computers for $119 (a bare-bones kit is available for $60). For advanced builders, Briel sells just the specialized chips (programmed EEPROM, etc.) for $30. The book's CD includes a full version of McCAD EDS SE 400, the best schematic capture and pcb layout software for the Mac. The Replica I's schematics, pcb layout, and fabrication documents are all included on the CD. Send the included gerber files to a pcb manufacturer and get your own prototypes made or modify the schematics to design your own custom boards. McCAD EDS SE 400 is an excellent piece of software which I worked very hard to get included with the book. The full EDS-1 package retails for $1495 (the book includes a coupon for 50% off any McCAD product, by the way). This special edition of the McCAD software was written exclusively for inclusion with Apple I Replica Creation and is not available from any other source. The SE 400 version of McCAD EDS includes all the features of the full version, but limits the design's complexity so you can't design anything much more complex than a typical 8-bit microcomputer. You'll be hard pressed to find a similar software suite for under $500. The interface is without equal. While evaluating the software, I got into an argument with a McCAD programmer over the proper layout of the buttons in one of the dialog boxes, each of us backing up our position with extensive references to the Apple Human Interface Guidelines. He won (but only on a technicality!). These guys take user interface very seriously and I'm happy to say I've never used a more intuitive design package. The McCAD package is Mac OS X native, but also compatible with Mac OS 9. If you don't have a Mac, you may want to consider picking up an old $50 iMac just for this software. PC users might want to try running it in Basilisk. [center] Anybody interested in learning more about Apple I Replica Creation is welcome to visit my website, Applefritter. There you'll find the Apple I Owners Club and various user-contributed projects. Stop by and feel free to ask questions. We have the Apple I Owners Club forum for discussion of the Apple I and a McCAD support forum for those who have questions about the software. If there's anything you'd like to know about the book, don't hesitate to post. [b]Contents of this Book Include…[/b] Foreword/Intro 1: The History of the Apple 1 2: Tools and Materials 3: Digital Logic 4: Building the Replica 5: Programming in BASIC 6: Programming in Assembly 7: Understanding the Apple I Appendix A: ASCII Codes Appendix B: Operation Codes and Status Register Appendix C: OpCode Matrix Appendix D: Instructions by Category Appendix E: Hacking Macintosh Appendix F: Electrical Engineering Basics [b]About the Authors[/b] [b]Tom Owad[/b] is a Macintosh consultant in south-central PA and the D.C. area and vice president of Keystone MacCentral. He serves on the board of directors of the Apple I Owners Club, where he is also webmaster and archivist. Tom is owner and Webmaster of Applefritter, a Macintosh community of artists and engineers. Applefritter provides its members with discussion boards for the exchange of ideas and hosts countless member-contributed hardware hacks and other projects. Tom holds a BA in computer science and international affairs from Lafayette College, PA [b]John Greco[/b] (Technical Editor) is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Lafayette College, where he has taught digital circuit and system design for 28 years. He holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the City University of New York. In addition to teaching there and at the University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia, he has worked for GTE-Sylvania and has performed consulting work for (the former) Bell Laboratories and Moore Products. [b]Steve Wozniak[/b], Foreword, A Silicon Valley icon and philanthropist for the past three decades, Steve Wozniak, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Wheels of Zeus (wOz), helped shape the computing industry with his design of Apple's first line of products the Apple I and II and influenced the popular Macintosh. For his achievements at Apple Computer, Steve was awarded the National Medal of Technology by the President of the United States in 1985, the highest honor bestowed America's leading innovators. In 2000 Steve was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame and was awarded the prestigious Heinz Award for Technology, The Economy and Employment for “single-handedly designing the first personal computer and for then redirecting his lifelong passion for mathematics and electronics toward lighting the fires of excitement for education in grade school students and their teachers." Making significant investments of both his time and resources in education, Wozniak “adopted" the Los Gatos School District, providing students and teachers with hands-on teaching and donations of state-of-the-art technology equipment. Wozniak founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and was the founding sponsor of the Tech Museum, Silicon Valley Ballet and Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose. Steve is currently a member of the board of directors for Jacent, a developer of cost-effective telephony solutions, and Danger, Inc., developer of a end-to-end wireless Internet platform.

Building a Case for the Replica I

Tue, 22 Feb 2005 07:35:09 -0800

By Larry Nelson [center] As a person with multiple hobbies, I finally found a way to combine at least two of my part-time interests: namely, woodworking and the Replica-1 computer by Vince Briel. After buying the Replica, and adding the serial board, I made a box to put my Apple-1 Replica into. A few months later, Vince came through for the whole group of Replica enthusiasts with authentic ASCII keyboards. My old Replica case wouldn’t take the keyboard I bought from Vince, though, and I decided to build a case that would comfortably hold the new (old) keyboaof my system. Start out with a base of MDF (medium-density-fiberboard) cut to 18 1�?�4 inches by 14-3/8 inches. If 1�?�2 inch plywood is available, that could be used just as well. (The MDF was cheaper at the Home Depot.) Then make two sides from 15 X 5 1�?�2 X 3�?�4-inch pieces of walnut. These boards I cut on a band saw to the shape shown in the drawing. Lacking a band saw, one could cut the boards to shape with a handsaw, a scroll saw or a jigsaw. Carefully sand the rough-sawn edges smooth. Route a bull-nose on the two sides, using a 1�?�4-inch round-over bit. See the pictures for the placement of the round-overs. Don’t route the inside of the sides on the 1inch vertical front edge or the inside of the back edge. If you lack a router and round-over bit, use a wood rasp to round over the edges. [center] Now add a 1/2-inch rabbet to the bottom edge of each side piece. The rabbet is 3/8-inch wide (half the thickness of the side) and 1�?�2-inch deep for the base to fit into. Rabbet the back edge of the sides 3/8-inch by 1�?�4-inch to inset the back into the sides. Remember, the two sides are mirror images of each other. Be careful to correctly orient the two sides before rabbeting the edges, or you’ll wind up with two right or two left pieces. Don’t ask me why I bring this up, but my scrap-box seems to have a spare side in it. [center] The front edge is a piece of walnut wood 19 1�?�4 X 1 1�?�4 X 3�?�4. Shape it as shown in the drawing. Use a rasp to round over the outer edge of the front edge piece. The 15 o bevel on this piece will not properly shape with a round-over bit in a router. Notch the front edge piece on both ends as shown in the drawing. At the top of the back, add a piece of wood 18 1�?�2 X 2 X 3�?�4 to hold the hinges for the top. A 1�?�4-inch by 3/8-inch rabbet on the back side of this piece allows the back to fit flush. [center] The back of the case is a piece of 1�?�4-inch birch plywood, cut to size to fit into the rabbets. Before fastening the back in place, test fit the power supply and Replica circuit board in place. Mark the back to cut out access for the power cord, the PS fan, the monitor connection and the serial plug. Since placement of these holes may vary, I am not providing dimensions. After carefully marking the necessary holes in the back, drill and cut as necessary. There are three more pieces of wood needed to complete the case. Since I have a planer, I planed the wood for these three pieces to 1�?�2 inch thickness. If allowance for the difference in thickness is made, the top and front cross piece could be 3�?�4 inch thick. The key board however should not be thicker than 1�?�2-inch since the keys of the ASCII keyboard do not extend through 3�?�4-inch boards far enough. An alternate key board could be 1�?�2 thick plywood. [center] The top is 17 1�?�2 inches by 7 inches. The key board is 17 1�?�2 by 7 1/2 inches. These two pieces are maple in the original and are made by edge-gluing oversize boards together until you have sufficient width, then cutting the pieces to the correct width and length on the table saw. The vertical cross piece between the top and the keyboard is also 17 1�?�2 inches long. I started with a width for this board of 3 inches, but trimmed it to 2 1�?�4-inches after experimenting with the fit. The angles involved make calculations hard to do. Into this board you will mount the power (on-off) switch, the RESET switch, and an LED for power indication. [center] You will have to drill three holes centered in the board for these switches and light. First mark the location of the three holes, drill 3�?�4 inch holes to within 3/16-inch of the front face, then switch to the finish bit size to complete the holes. This will allow the locknuts to be recessed into the vertical cross piece. Drill a 1/4 inch hole, 1/2 inch deep in the center of each end of the top back piece. Drill matching 1/4 holes, 3/8 inch deep in the sides. We will use two pieces of 1/4 dowel, 7/8 inch long, to hold the top back piece in place. Dry assemble the base, the two sides, the front edge and the top back piece to check for proper fit. Then glue the five pieces, clamping the assembly and checking for square in vertical and horizontal directions. Set the assembly aside. Round the top of the front edge of the top piece using your 1�?�4 inch round-over bit or wood rasp. [center] Cut two triangle pieces of 1�?�2inch scrap wood or plywood into triangles with a 15 o angle. Glue and clamp them onto the inside of the two sides of the assembly. These triangles go to the front of the cabinet and support the key board. The key board is not fastened to the case itself but just rests on the triangles. I found that the best way to cut the key board inlet was to make a cardboard template, test-fitting it over the ASCII keyboard until satisfied with the fit. Center the cardboard template on your case key board, draw the outline, and carefully cut out the pattern with a scroll saw or jigsaw. Smooth the cut edges with a rasp and sandpaper, test-fitting the key board onto the ASCII keyboard until it fits with enough clearance to allow all the keys to move freely. When satisfied with the fit, set the key board aside. Don’t attach the ASCII keyboard until after you have applied your finish. [center] The vertical cross board attaches to the top piece with 4 - #6 X 1-inch screws, glue and the support piece cut as shown in the drawing. If you have cut it to the proper width, the vertical cross board will contact the key board with its bottom edge and hold the key board in place. Now add hinges to the underside of the top piece to attach it to the top back piece. I inset the hinges, using a chisel to cut the inlets, but this is not necessary. With all the pieces finally done, you are ready for sanding and finishing. Sand away all scratches and rough edges with 80 grit sandpaper. Then progress through 120, 180, 240, 320 and 400 grit sandpaper until the surfaces are as smooth as possible. Clean off all dust and fingerprints with mineral spirits. Allow the surface to thoroughly dry, and then rub on two or more coats of Danish Oil or other finishing oil. Allow the oil finish to dry for 24 hours. Assemble the ASCII keyboard by screwing it onto the back of the finished key board. Mount the switches, LED, power supply and circuit board as previously explained. Connect all the wiring. This is not a wiring manual. If you have questions about wiring the Replica, refer to the instruction manual. Contact Vince Briel if necessary. Add four feet to the bottom of the case. I used stick-on felt pads available at the local hardware store. Fasten the back to the case with small screws. Plug it in. Load Microchess. Have Fun. [b]Materials:[/b] [list][*]Back: 18 1�?�4 X 4 1�?�2 -- 1�?�4-inch Birch Plywood [*]Base: 14 3/8 X 18 1�?�4 -- 1�?�2-inch MDF or 1�?�2-inch plywood [*]Front: 18 1�?�4 X 1 -- 3�?�4-inch Walnut [*]Sides: (2) 15 X 5 1�?�2 -- 3�?�4-inch Walnut [*]Key Board: 17 1�?�2 X 7 1�?�2 -- 1�?�2-inch Maple [*]Top: 17 1�?�2 X 7 – 1�?�2-inch Maple [*]Vertical Cross: 17 1�?�2 X 3 – 1�?�2-inch Walnut [*]Back Top: 17 1�?�2 X 2 – 3�?�4-inch Walnut [*]Triangles: (2) 6 1�?�2 X 2 – 1�?�2-inch MDF or 1�?�2-inch plywood [*]Hinges: 1pr. 2-inch X 1 3/16-inch, Brass[/list] [b]Miscellaneous Materials:[/b] [list][*]1�?�2-inch X 4 wood screws (6) [*]1-inch X 6 wood screws (4) [*]Wood Glue [*]Sandpaper in 80, 120, 180, 240, 320 and 400 grits [*]Danish Oil Finish [*]Felt feet for case (Set of 4)[/list]

Apple 1 For Sale

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 13:54:45 -0700

[center][image:4146] All items are on this web site.[/center] (1) Apple 1 computer in case. (2) Five (5) original manuals, a complete set, as of this time I know of no one else that has a complete set of manuals. (3) Three (3) original Apple 1 cassette tapes from Apple Computer. (4) The SWTPC PR-40 printer. This printer itself is an antique and hard to find. It is unique to the Apple1 computer because of an article in InterFace Age magazine, Oct 1976. (5) The InterFace Age magazine dated Oct 1976. (6) The Nuts & Volts magazine July 2002 issue. Has an article and pictures on the Apple 1 computer. (7) A+, an Apple magazine, dated Jan 1987. The 10-year anniversary of the Apple II but has pictures of the Apple 1. Done with Steve Wozniak. (8 ) The Brief Case, pictures on web site. (9) Last but not least, the postcard that was signed by Steve Wozniak, a prized possession. The cost of the Apple 1 system is Thirty thousand ($30,000) US dollars. You must be able to pick up the system or arrange to have it picked up. Other conditions apply but will discuss with the buyer before agreeing on a deal for the Apple1 system. I reserve the right to refuse any offer. If more than one party is interested, highest offer will get the Apple 1 system provided all conditions are meet. Remember that best estimates are that only 50 Apple 1 computers are known to exist. One sold for fifty thousand ($50,000) US dollars. Mine has the complete set of manuals, the PR-40 printer and the post card signed by the WOZ. Has much more going for it. [b]Check out this website:[/b] [url=http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,20271,00.html]Icon for Sale: The First Apple I[/url] Please no phone calls. All items are on this web site.

6502/6800 CPU's

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 13:18:00 -0700

[center][image:4127] The Apple 1 computer used the MOS Technology Inc. 6502 cpu chip. When converting to a 6800 cpu, you pulled the 6502 and just plugged in the 6800 cpu into the socket and added the other needed parts and you then had a 6800 cpu Apple1 computer. Notice the date on the MOS 6502 cpu in my computer. [image:4128] This is the original MOS Technology booklet. [image:4130] The dotted in portion on the circuit board is where the components go for the 6800 cpu if you use it instead of the 6500 cpu. There was also some jumpers or pads that you had to deal with.[/center]

Cassette Interface

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 13:07:29 -0700

[center][image:4122] The top board is the Cassette interface. Going down you see two blank slots in the extension bus that I added. [image:4123] The front of the Cassette Interface card, the two jacks, top left side are where the cassette player plugs into for the recording and playing back of the tapes. [image:4124] Back of the Cassette Interface card, you can see that I hard wired the jacks and ran the wires to a new set of jacks in the back of the new computer case. [image:4125] This is the tape cassette player that I used with the Apple 1 computer. Read and write functions to the Cassette player was controlled by a switch on the front panel on the new computer case.[/center]

Adding Memory

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 12:49:44 -0700

[center][image:4116] Wires at the top left of the breadboard area are for the memory chips and the wires at the right are for the SWTPC PR-40 Printer. [image:4117] These are the two chips in the breadboard area added to control the 16k memory chips. [image:4118] This shows some of the new 16k memory chips, you needed eight of them for 16k ram [image:4119] You can see the eight new 16k memory chips at the bottom of the board. [image:4120] A look at the memory-addressing jumper field.[/center]

EPROM Board

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 12:30:32 -0700

[center][image:4112] The front of the card shows the EPROM's [image:4113] Shows the wire layout. [image:4114] Shows the EPROM board plugged into the extension slot. [image:4112] Sockets are wire wrapped.[/center]

The Beginning

Sat, 14 Aug 2004 12:23:35 -0700

[center][image:4106] Yes I still have the desk and it's still a mess. [image:4107] This is how the Apple 1 computer was first hooked up. [image:4108] That is a Zenith B/W TV modified for video that I used as a monitor. The Cassette tape player was a J C Penney model 681-6531, which I still have. [image:4109] I was going to put the keyboard into its own case at first. [image:4110] I build a power supply on the keyboard case, top, left and center. Now the keyboard was getting its power from here and not the Apple 1 computer. [/center]

Apple I Processor Section

Sun, 06 Jun 2004 12:09:41 -0700

[image:2938] I have attempted a redesign of the Apple I processor section. It is available in both PostScript and PDF: [node:2940] [node:2941] I recommend the pdf file, unless you're planning to edit the schematic. The schematic was designed in [url=http://xcircuit.ece.jhu.edu/]XCircuit[/url] using [url=http://fink.sourceforge.net/pdb/package.php/xcircuit]Fink[/url]. The design includes a 6502 processor, 6821 PIA, CY6264 8Kx8 Static RAM, and a 2716 EPROM. This is the first design I've worked on that uses a processor or memory, so it is quite likely I have made some glaring errors. I am very appreciatived of any feedback. Comments can be posted here. [h2]The Design[/h2] [b]EPROM[/b] The ROM monitor is at addresses FF00.FFFF. In place of two PROMs, a 2716 EPROM is used. On the EPROM, address lines A0-A7 are connected to the processor's address lines. A8-A10 are tied to ground. /CE is low when A8-A15 are all high. /OE is connected directly to the processor's R/W. All data lines are directly connected to the processor. [b]RAM[/b] The Apple I has 8k of RAM, provided by 8 8kx1 dynamic RAM package. These are replaced with one 8kx8 static RAM package, the [url=http://www.cypress.com/cfuploads/img/products/CY6264.pdf]CY6264[/url]. This eliminates the need for the RAM refresh circuitry. The RAM is at addresses 0000.0FFF (for sysem and user) and E000.EFFF (for BASIC). A0-A11 are connected to the processor address lines. A12[sub]RAM[/sub] = (A12' • A13 • A14 • A15). CE2 = (A12' • A13' • A14' • A15' + A12' • A13 • A14 • A15). /CE1 is tied to ground (why are there two chip enables?). /WE is connected to the processor's R/W. /OE[sub]RAM[/sub] = R/W[sub]proc[/sub] and /WE = R/W[sub]proc[/sub]'. All data lines are connected directly to the processor. [b]Processor[/b] Ø0 connects to the time base generation circuit provided in the Rockwell data sheet. /NMI, /IRQ, /ML, RDY, and /RES are all tied high. SYNC and Ø1 have no connection. Much thanks goes to Michael Rothe for help with the clock. [b]PIA[/b] The 6820 is replaced with the externally identical 6821. /IRQA, /IRQB, and CA2 have no connection. CS1 is high. CS0 is connected to the processor's A4, RS1 to A1, and RS0 to A0. CS2 = (A15 • A14 • A13' • A12). All data lines are connected to the processor's. R/W is connected to R/W[sub]proc[/sub]. E is connected to Ø2. The keyboard connection (PA0-PA6) is wired for an Apple II+ keyboard. PA7 is wired high. The terminal section is presently configured to use a printer for output, which will allow testing of the processor section independent of the terminal section. The printer wiring is based on this schematic. CB2 sends the "Data Ready" signal to the printer. CB1 and PB7 are low when "Data Accepted" is high.

Apple I Programming

Tue, 21 Dec 2004 12:11:42 -0800

Here are a few simple tips and programs for those interested in programming the Apple I: [h2]To print to screen:[/h2] [code] Echo = $FFEF LDA value_to_print JSR Echo [/code] The above snippet relies on the Echo subroutine in the Apple I's ROM. All you need to do is load an ASCII value into the accumulator, then call that subroutine. [h2]To read a character:[/h2] [code] KbdRdy = $D011 Kbd = $D010 GetChar: LDA KbdRdy ; Key ready? BPL GetChar ; Loop until ready. LDA Kbd ; Load character. RTS ; Exit. [/code] This subroutine loops until a key is pressed, then loads its ASCII value into the accumulator. It is not dependant upon the Apple I's ROM. KbdRdy and Kbd are in the 6821. Subroutine: [node:2936]. [h2]Tools[/h2] [list][*][url=http://www.floodgap.com/retrotech/xa/]xa65[/url] - cross-assembler [*][url=http://www.ameth.org/~veilleux/dcc6502/]dcc6502[/url] - disassembler [*][url=http://www.cc65.org/]cc65[/url] - C compiler[/list]

Drennan's software list

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:38:15 -0700

Richard Drennan's game programs in BASIC 1 Stock Market 2 Master Mind 3 Black Jack 4 Moon Lander 5 The Coffee Game 6 Craps 7 Poker Dice 8 Hurkle 9 Trap 10 Reverse 11 Amaze 12 Klingon Attack 13 Survive 14 Tower of Honoi 15 Clue 16 Wheel of Fortune 17 Horse Race 18 Hamurabi 19 Balance of Terror 20 Golf 21 Russian Roulete 22 Life (#1 & #2) 23 Probe 24 Square Mile 25 Slot Machine 26 Roulette 27 Kamikaze 28 Bowling 29 Sailboat Races 30 Racks 31 Pyramids 32 Chuck-a-Luck 33 Fare 34 Klingon Capture 35 Horta 36 Rotate 37 Across the field 38 Code name: sector 39 Othello 40 Press ups 41 Computer Rage 42 Shogun 43 Battleship 44 Swahili 45 Trouble 46 Dungeon Dice 47 Payday 48 Gambler 49 Yahtzee 50 Business Strategy 51 Star Trek (small version from APPLE)

May 5, 1979

Postcard from Woz

May 5, 1979

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:35:17 -0700

Richard Drennan 4590 Oberlin Avenue Lorain, Ohio May 5, 1979 Dear Joe, Well once again I have to apologize for not writing sooner. I'll try to shape up. I noticed that your letters are post marked South Band. How far is Granger from South Band, and in what direction? What post mark is on my letters? Lorain is, by the way, about 25 miles west of Cleveland on beautiful (??) Lake Erie. Lorain is supposed to be the 10th largest city in Ohio, but I doubt that any non-residents have ever heard of it. Well, on to more prosaic things. Did you ever get your 2519 chip? If so, where? I can't seem to find anyone who sells them. I sure hope my 2519 remains O.K. My 16K runs fine. If you have some old programs that you would like to convert for 16K try this: 1) Load your program at 4A.0DFFR3800.3FFFR 2) while still in the monitor enter the following: a) 4A:00 10 FF 3F (return) b) CD (return) This should display the contents of address 00CD. For example,the comptuer might respond with 00CD:09 c) Next, you must add 30 to the contents of CD. If 09 was in CD as in the above example, then 30 + 09 = 39. d) 3D:@@ where '@@' is the number found in c). It would be 39 in the above example so you would enter 3D:39 (return) e) E2B3R (return) 3) You should now be in BASIC. Try listing the program. If ic lists O.K., then RUN the program. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT, because running the program will not only tell you if the program is going to function, but it sets up pointers that were not changed by the above procedure. DO NOT store the program or GOTO the program until you have run it at least once. 4) Press reset 5) To store the program type 4A.00FFW1000.3FFFW This will take quite a while to complete since you are now storing 12K instead of 2K, and will also require almost 6 time as much tape 6) To read the program back, type 4A.00FFR1000.3FFFR The advantage to moving your programs in this way is that you don't have to re-enter them if you want to expand them from the old 2K, and you can load the Extended Monitor and run BASIC programs without clabbering the Extended Monitor. To use the same addresses for a new program that you are entering, try the following: 1) Enter BASIC 2) Type in the following: a) HIMEM=16384 (return) b) LOMEM=4096 (return) any program that was in memory will be lost, and any new program entered will be stored in the same addresses as the instructions above. I know a little about machine language, but doubt that I would soon be able to find the time to try to convert the FOCAL program for the APPLE I. I wouldn't mind, however, having FOCAL on my APPLE II. If you send me details on how I might get it, I'll buy it and get running on my APPLE I, then if I find the time, I'll try to get it running on the APPLE I. I didn't send a cassette because the extended monitor seems to allow you pass programs between the APPLE I and the APPLE II Should have told you earlier, but I guess I got to lazy to write. Still don't know whats wrong with my cassette interface, but think the problem is probally in the read circuitry, because programs written by the APPLE I Extended Monitor will read fine on the APPLE II, but the same program will not read on the APPLE I. The strange thing is that all my old tapes (before I started having troubles) will read o.k. I'm getting frustrated enough to replace all the parts on the whole interface (excepth the ROM's) to see if that will help. I have printed out all my APPLE I programs. I will send you a copy of them if you want. I don't have an explanation for them, however, an you would have to figure out how to play them yourself. That's it, I guess. The weather out here is lousy also, but you get use to that when you live on the shores of beautiful (ugh) Lake Erie. Sincerely, Rich Drennan

Feb. 2, 1978

Drennan's software list

Feb. 2, 1978

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:31:03 -0700

Richard Drennan 4590 Oberlin Avenue Leraine, Ohio February 2, 1978 Dear Joe, Before I go any further, I'd like to appoligize for my typing. I'm a good programer, but a bad typist and a worse speller. Also, my rickety old typewritter has seen better days. I'd have written sooner, but a. combinitation of bad weather and lots of things going on at work has kept me busy. First a bit of information I've discovered. When you load BASIC from a cassette, LOMEM is initalized to 2048. On my APPLE I this leaves a large block of memory unused. I found that after loading BASIC I can set LOMEM equal to 768 and BASIC functions fine. Doing this almost doubles available memory into which you can store a BASIC program. Some of my programs will only go into my memory if I use this technique. I have over 50 programs (all games) for my APPLE I. I'm sending you a list of the games I have. I would be happy to send you a source list of all my programs, but the hard part is typing up instructions on how to play the games, which is necessary because all my programs are poorly documented. (REM statements use up memory). I have got my printer partialy running, but it has the bad habit of printing the first character of the next line an the previous line. This doesn't bother source listings so long As the statement numbers are less than 10000 because the first character of every line is then blank. It does, however, make program. runs hard to read. I am sending you two programs ,which I particularly like. I tried to do a decent job of explaning them in a sheet attached to each source list. I hope you like them. I have not yet gotten my graphics to run mostly because I have not yet gotten my printer to run to my satisfaction, and have been spending most of my time on the printer. When I get them to run I'll send you details. That is about it. I hope what I'm sending you will help you. Sincerely, Richard Drennan

Letters from Richard Drennan

May 5, 1979