Applefritter - Organization

Drennan's software list

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:38:15 -0700

Richard Drennan's game programs in BASIC 1 Stock Market 2 Master Mind 3 Black Jack 4 Moon Lander 5 The Coffee Game 6 Craps 7 Poker Dice 8 Hurkle 9 Trap 10 Reverse 11 Amaze 12 Klingon Attack 13 Survive 14 Tower of Honoi 15 Clue 16 Wheel of Fortune 17 Horse Race 18 Hamurabi 19 Balance of Terror 20 Golf 21 Russian Roulete 22 Life (#1 & #2) 23 Probe 24 Square Mile 25 Slot Machine 26 Roulette 27 Kamikaze 28 Bowling 29 Sailboat Races 30 Racks 31 Pyramids 32 Chuck-a-Luck 33 Fare 34 Klingon Capture 35 Horta 36 Rotate 37 Across the field 38 Code name: sector 39 Othello 40 Press ups 41 Computer Rage 42 Shogun 43 Battleship 44 Swahili 45 Trouble 46 Dungeon Dice 47 Payday 48 Gambler 49 Yahtzee 50 Business Strategy 51 Star Trek (small version from APPLE)

May 5, 1979

Postcard from Woz

May 5, 1979

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:35:17 -0700

Richard Drennan 4590 Oberlin Avenue Lorain, Ohio May 5, 1979 Dear Joe, Well once again I have to apologize for not writing sooner. I'll try to shape up. I noticed that your letters are post marked South Band. How far is Granger from South Band, and in what direction? What post mark is on my letters? Lorain is, by the way, about 25 miles west of Cleveland on beautiful (??) Lake Erie. Lorain is supposed to be the 10th largest city in Ohio, but I doubt that any non-residents have ever heard of it. Well, on to more prosaic things. Did you ever get your 2519 chip? If so, where? I can't seem to find anyone who sells them. I sure hope my 2519 remains O.K. My 16K runs fine. If you have some old programs that you would like to convert for 16K try this: 1) Load your program at 4A.0DFFR3800.3FFFR 2) while still in the monitor enter the following: a) 4A:00 10 FF 3F (return) b) CD (return) This should display the contents of address 00CD. For example,the comptuer might respond with 00CD:09 c) Next, you must add 30 to the contents of CD. If 09 was in CD as in the above example, then 30 + 09 = 39. d) 3D:@@ where '@@' is the number found in c). It would be 39 in the above example so you would enter 3D:39 (return) e) E2B3R (return) 3) You should now be in BASIC. Try listing the program. If ic lists O.K., then RUN the program. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT, because running the program will not only tell you if the program is going to function, but it sets up pointers that were not changed by the above procedure. DO NOT store the program or GOTO the program until you have run it at least once. 4) Press reset 5) To store the program type 4A.00FFW1000.3FFFW This will take quite a while to complete since you are now storing 12K instead of 2K, and will also require almost 6 time as much tape 6) To read the program back, type 4A.00FFR1000.3FFFR The advantage to moving your programs in this way is that you don't have to re-enter them if you want to expand them from the old 2K, and you can load the Extended Monitor and run BASIC programs without clabbering the Extended Monitor. To use the same addresses for a new program that you are entering, try the following: 1) Enter BASIC 2) Type in the following: a) HIMEM=16384 (return) b) LOMEM=4096 (return) any program that was in memory will be lost, and any new program entered will be stored in the same addresses as the instructions above. I know a little about machine language, but doubt that I would soon be able to find the time to try to convert the FOCAL program for the APPLE I. I wouldn't mind, however, having FOCAL on my APPLE II. If you send me details on how I might get it, I'll buy it and get running on my APPLE I, then if I find the time, I'll try to get it running on the APPLE I. I didn't send a cassette because the extended monitor seems to allow you pass programs between the APPLE I and the APPLE II Should have told you earlier, but I guess I got to lazy to write. Still don't know whats wrong with my cassette interface, but think the problem is probally in the read circuitry, because programs written by the APPLE I Extended Monitor will read fine on the APPLE II, but the same program will not read on the APPLE I. The strange thing is that all my old tapes (before I started having troubles) will read o.k. I'm getting frustrated enough to replace all the parts on the whole interface (excepth the ROM's) to see if that will help. I have printed out all my APPLE I programs. I will send you a copy of them if you want. I don't have an explanation for them, however, an you would have to figure out how to play them yourself. That's it, I guess. The weather out here is lousy also, but you get use to that when you live on the shores of beautiful (ugh) Lake Erie. Sincerely, Rich Drennan

Feb. 2, 1978

Drennan's software list

Feb. 2, 1978

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:31:03 -0700

Richard Drennan 4590 Oberlin Avenue Leraine, Ohio February 2, 1978 Dear Joe, Before I go any further, I'd like to appoligize for my typing. I'm a good programer, but a bad typist and a worse speller. Also, my rickety old typewritter has seen better days. I'd have written sooner, but a. combinitation of bad weather and lots of things going on at work has kept me busy. First a bit of information I've discovered. When you load BASIC from a cassette, LOMEM is initalized to 2048. On my APPLE I this leaves a large block of memory unused. I found that after loading BASIC I can set LOMEM equal to 768 and BASIC functions fine. Doing this almost doubles available memory into which you can store a BASIC program. Some of my programs will only go into my memory if I use this technique. I have over 50 programs (all games) for my APPLE I. I'm sending you a list of the games I have. I would be happy to send you a source list of all my programs, but the hard part is typing up instructions on how to play the games, which is necessary because all my programs are poorly documented. (REM statements use up memory). I have got my printer partialy running, but it has the bad habit of printing the first character of the next line an the previous line. This doesn't bother source listings so long As the statement numbers are less than 10000 because the first character of every line is then blank. It does, however, make program. runs hard to read. I am sending you two programs ,which I particularly like. I tried to do a decent job of explaning them in a sheet attached to each source list. I hope you like them. I have not yet gotten my graphics to run mostly because I have not yet gotten my printer to run to my satisfaction, and have been spending most of my time on the printer. When I get them to run I'll send you details. That is about it. I hope what I'm sending you will help you. Sincerely, Richard Drennan

Letters from Richard Drennan

May 5, 1979

Feb. 2, 1978

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:31:02 -0700

Letters from Richard Drennan

May 5, 1979

Letters from Richard Drennan

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:26:02 -0700

Jul. 19, 1980

Feb. 2, 1978

Apr. 8, 1981

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:25:19 -0700

Larry Nelson 514 S. Adams Marion, In 46952 April 8, 1981 Dear Joe, Boy, It's good to have the apple up and running! - Now if I can only get away from that "Attack on the Death Star" program, I might get something serious started. - It's a great game!! Congratulations. (You asked about standardizing INKEY at $0A - since we are writing the standards, let's do it - no problems that I can see.) I have checked your monitor listing and can only find 1 error - Change AF8D from $0E to $AE (same as AE4F from $0D to $AD, which you had correctly marked.) The NEW BASIC is almost ready! I've re-written the whole thing, added INKEY, (10 A=INKEY : If A=176 THEN...)(Automatically clears $0A) MEM, (Type MEM (CR), computer prints free memory left in program), the rnadom generator straightened up HIMEM, LOMEM, HIMEM=, LOMEM-, end removed that irritating "***ENDERR" message that isn't needed. Two empty spaces are left, 4Z10 bytes and 5010 bytes. - Got any idea for a couple of short commands? (not enough space for RENUMBER or VARLIST, but maybe ASC() or CHR$().) examples: 100 IF ASC(A$) = "175" THEN GOSUB... 120 PRINT CHR$(162); The new basic works with all our present programs. All I've done is cleaned out the trash, made some fixes, etc, and rearranged to save time and space on execution. The ADE program editor was perfect for the job -- Which reminds me, "backspace" in the EDITOR is defined as $08 at $EE15. -- change it to whatever your characer is with Bit8 set to 0. - To change memory limits, see the instruction changes I sent you. My ADVENTIURE-type game is still in the planning stage. - Hope to get some of it into the APPLE soon. I'll try to keep you informed on what's happening here. CV Larry

Feb. 7, 1981

Letters from Professor Schawlow

Feb. 7, 1981

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:22:15 -0700

"This letter talks about the Inkey command and aabout cursor control for the Apple 1 computer. Also the statement is made that they was preparing for the Apple II back in 1976 the way the software, Basic looked." [hr] Feb 7, 1981 Dear Joe, Boy, I'll be glad when winter is over. It seems like it lasts forever, only more. MURPHY'S LAW strikes again!! That program I sent you has an error at 0311 - change F8 to F5. You couldn't trace it because TRACE hangs up waiting for the PIA to clear, and loops endlessly, but it (the program) should work correctly. (unless more gremlins got into it.) INKEY IS SURE O.K.! (Hint, change 20H (JSR) to 4CH(JMP) at E86F, EE43, EE57 and EE5C. JMP is faster than JSR and doesn't push the return address on the stack. I don't know if it would happen, but the stack could overflow on a large BASIC program and wipe out the game.) You asked about curosr control - - - (Print AT, etc.) JOBS, WOZNIAK and COMPANY made the Apple I with NO way to control the cursor. That's the biggest difference between Apple I and Apple II. They used dynamic shift registers (1K storage - 2504's) to hold the characters for display, giving us a first-in- first-out stock in hardware. No way to change a character, blank or move the cursor, clear the screen, or add clusters except at the end of the list. Some BASIC commands of ours change the vertical cursor pointer, etc. but since the video isn't in RAM, nothing happens. (They were preparing for Apple II back in '76). Our advantage, of course, is another Kilobyte of RAM free for our use, plus less overhead in our MONITOR. Still no keyboard. I can't see paying 80 to 200 bucks at this time for a keyboard when 16K of RAM is $29. Well, maybe something will turn up, - I'll let you know when I'm up and running again. Oops! I've missed the mailman. - I'd better get this letter in an envelope or you'll never get it. - Write when you can. CV Larry

Jan. 3, 1981

Apr. 8, 1981

Jan. 3, 1981

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:20:58 -0700

"In this letter you will see that we talked about putting the Apple 1 in EPROM and the spaces in basic and if we could and how to use them." [hr] Larry Nelson 514 S. Adams Marion, In 46952 Jan 3, 1981 Dear Joe, They say "Three is a charm" and this is the third time I've started a letter to you, so maybe I'll get to finish it this time. Still no keyboard. Met a fellow who says he has a spare he'll let me have, but he hasn't come through yet. The INKEY function could be put in code. The problem is that I've used some of BASIC empty spots, and now I'm not sure which places I've filled (HIMEM=and LOMEM= changes, and that routine to randomize). I goofed and didn't save a hard copy of the changes. (I make up for my stupidity with ineptness!) In the original Apple BASIC, there are several areas we could put "fixes": E61C thru E622 = 710 Bytes E98D " E997 = 1110 Bytes EE3E " EE67 = 3710 Bytes (PLOT, COLOR=, OFF commands) EEA6 thru EECA = 3710 Bytes (HLIN, COLOR, Value of HIMEM and LOMEM (don't work) plus another 34 bytes strung over the 4K program in banks of 6 or less. Apple BASIC does not modify itself, so it is ROMable. Programs would rut at the same speed, since the APPLE cycle time is about 980 NS, since it uses a clock of 1.023 MHz. Dynamic roms need a refresh cycyle crowded into the clock once ina while, which probably explains why they have to be faster on access. Until I get the Apple up, I can't do much on Adventure game, except work out arrays, flow charts, etc. Called A-BOMB. A berserk ambassador has armed an atomic bomb in his embassy. Your assignment, if you accept it, is to search the building, find and disarm the bomb before it blows the city (and you) off the map. It'll be written in BASIC, with a lot of the data accessed via PEEK and POKE. Conserves memory and keeps hackers from listing the traps, lagards, and solutions. I'll have 60 to 70 verbs and nouns (should be a sizeable vocabulary). Random outcome of the game will prevent you from winning one time and "Breaking the code". I've played some of these games that have only one solution. Once you win, you can always win, and there's no thrill in playing it again. I have no idea how much memory I'll need, but I guess I'll find that out when I start writing it. Better get this in the mail, now. Larry

Mar. 17, 1980

Feb. 7, 1981

Mar. 17, 1980

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:19:05 -0700

"Note some of the commands and such are for Apple II basic but they were in Apple 1's basic. You could type in the command and the basic would not give you an error, it would just sit there. So we both thought that Apple, the Steves, were thinking about the Apple 2 when they were trying to do the Basic for the Apple 1." [hr] Larry Nelson 514 S. Adams Marion, In 46952 March 17, 1980 Dear Joe, Sorry I haven't written lately. Last week I went to Florida on a short vacation. Before that I was working on BASIC. I've broken a lot of the code and am working on cleaning out a lot of trash. It looks like they threw this thing together to get a computer on the market fast. Probably other used bits and pieces from other listings, since there are several places with bad listings. Also found USR, RNDX, and OFF statements on commands in there. USR and RNDX don't work, but OFF turns off the auto-line #. (Try it by typing Auto10(r). then type "escape", then OFF(r)). We have COLOR=, PLOT, HLIN, too. It adds \ up to 120 bytes in there + several commands that we can't use. Now, if I can decipher how the ASCII is coded for each command, I'll have it made! Then I'll be able to pull out those unused commands and replace them with something useful. I haven't even looked at those memories since I gave up. Maybe I'll get back to them one of these days. That Space War Program sounds great! I hope you're not having too many bugs to finish it. Any time you want to see how much memory you have left, exit BASIC, and type: CA,CD (r) computer echos CA: 3A 21 00 05 means program is stored from 213AH to top of memory and variables are stored from 0500H to bottom of memory. The space still empty is between 0500H to 213AH or 1D3AH bytes = 748210 !! (Remember, variables are called when the program runs, so allow 6 bytes for each variable in the program, where typing in the program.) Guess that's all for now. Write when you can. Larry

Dec. 19, 1977

Jan. 3, 1981

Dec. 19, 1977

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:17:47 -0700

Larry F. Nelson 2620 South Washington Street Marion, Indiana 46952 December 19, 1977 Joe Torzewski Apple I Owners Club 51625 Chestnut Road Granger, IN 46530 Dear Joe: Thanks for the very interesting telephone conversation Sunday. Since I purchased my Apple I in June of this year, I have had very little contact with other computer hobbyists. The nearest Computer Club is 60 miles from here, and to the best of my knowledge there are no other hobbyists in this area. So any contact I can make with other computer nuts will be a big improvement. My interests are mainly in programming and hardware at this time. I am convinced that the 6502 CPU is a powerful processor that I only partially appreciate, since I am ignorant of its full capabilities. I have spent most of the last six months trying basic programs and dabbling in some machine-language instruc- tions, and am willing to share what information I have gained with everyone in order to improve my own system. I am enclosing a listing of a Tic-tac-toe game that I developed to run in the Apple I. Also, I am sending you an article for a newsletter that I wrote last night. Use these as you wish, and if you would rather have tapes than listings, let me know. I have several games I have developed to run in my Apple I that I'll let you have. If you have any programs, tapes, listings or information on the Apple I, I want it! Let me know how much money, what you have, what you need, etc., and I will send a money order back. Be sure to let me know if I can help get this Owners Club off the ground. I'll be glad to type articles (although my typing leaves much to be desired), make mailings, or do the printing (I have a spirit duplicator) if needed. Seasons greetings to you and your family. I'll look forward to hearing from you. Yours truly, Larry F. Nelson

Letters from Larry Nelson

Mar. 17, 1980

Letters from Larry Nelson

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:16:21 -0700

Letter from Stan Veit

Dec. 19, 1977

Jul. 19, 1980

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:12:46 -0700

ARTHEUR L. SCHAWLOW J.G. Jackson - C.J. Wood Professor of Phyiscs (415) 407-4358 July 10, 1980 Mr. J. Torzewski 51625 Chestnut Road Granger, IN 46530 Dear Mr. Torzewski: After I received your letter of January 26, 1979, I made a number of attempts to copy the Apple I version of Star Trek for you, but did not succeed. The recorder may have been defective, or it may have been the tape. Subsequently, some months ago, I ran across the enclosed tape in the clearance sale pile at a local computer store. It is a copy of Star Trek for the Apple I. But before I could get around to trying it out, the students using our Apple I burned out something vital in it, and so that computer no longer works. Apple won't repair it, and I haven't found anyone else to do it yet. So, this tape is untested and may be damaged, blank or otherwise useless. Whatever it is, you can keep it. If you are still using the Apple I, you can try the tape or throw it away as you wish. Yous sincerely, Arthur L. Schawlow ALS:fj Enclosure (Dictated by Professor Schawlow; signed in his absence by - fj.)

Oct. 30, 1978

Letters from Richard Drennan

Oct. 30, 1978

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:10:53 -0700

ARTHEUR L. SCHAWLOW J.G. Jackson - C.J. Wood Professor of Phyiscs (415) 407-4358 October 30, 1978 Mr. J. Torzewski 51625 Chestnut Road Granger, IN 46530 Dear Mr. Torzewski: I am enclosing the instructions for converting an Apple I to 20K memory. I am still not convinced that it is worth the trouble, but it does work. We reconverted ours to check the instructions. I really don't know whether the speed of the memory chips is critical. I don't know anything about the chips we have used, and they may have been fast ones made surplus for some other reason, but we did not pay a premium for speed. Still, bad chips can be very troublesome, and so you should try to get good ones if you can. Do you have any information about input and output port circuits for the Apple I? Even with the primitive BASIC, it could make a useful controller if it could be interfaced with transducers or relays. I will be interested to hear how you make out if you do try the memory conversion. Yous sincerely, Arthur L. Schawlow

Sep. 17, 1978

Jul. 19, 1980

Sep. 17, 1978

Fri, 28 May 2004 07:00:05 -0700

Stanford University. Stanford. California 94303 ARTHEUR L. SCHAWLOW J.G. Jackson - C.J. Wood Professor of Phyiscs (415) 407-4358 September 14, 1978 Mr. J. Torzewski 51625 Chestnut Road Granger, IN 46530 Dear Mr. Torzewski: Since you want it, and since nobody else has the information, we will work out instructions for expanding the memory of the Apple I. To start, I have ordered duplicates of the slides, and should get them in a week or so. We will then set out to expand the memroy again and will note what we do as we do it. If all goes well, we will have something to send you in a couple of weeks. Our Apple I belongs to the University and it is impractical to sell it now. There would be a lot of red tape, and I would have no say as to who they sell it to. So it seems best to keep it and make some limited use of it. Yous sincerely, Arthur L. Schawlow ALS:jf

Jan. 23, 1977

Oct. 30, 1978

Jan. 23, 1977

Fri, 28 May 2004 06:58:13 -0700

Standford University DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Jan. 23, 1977 Mr. J. Torzewski 51625 Chestnut Road Granger, IN 46530 Dear Mr. Torzewski: I can give only partial answers to your questions, and it has taken me some time to assemble this much information. We did not make the conversion to 16K memory chips. That was done by Steve Jobs of Apple Computer, and he did not give us any documentation. Therefore, I have taken photos of the board to show the connections, and these are enclosed. In the breadboard area, there are five sockets. One of them (slides 13 and 15: at the left if breadboard area is at the top) is a socket for the flat cable connecting to the SWTP printer. The next small socket and the large one were for a project that was never completed, and so have no function. The two on the right, labelled 74153 and 74139, are for integrated circuits with those part numbers and are used in the 16K chips conversion. The connections to these sockets are the light green wires shown in slides 17 and 19. Note that two traces on the underside of the board have been cut for the 16K conversion. They have been bridged by the red wires shown in the photograph. Also, the X-0 solder bridge in the chip select area must be cut. (The red wires in that area were for another unfinished project and serve no useful function). Pin 14 of integrated circuit 74S257 at location B-8 was bent so that it did not go into the socket. If you have questions about the photograph and can't see where a particular wire goes, we can look again at our board, but this is about all we know. Steve Jobs published an article describing how to interface to an STWP printer, in the October 1976 issue of Interface Age. A copy of that article is enclosed. We followed it, and the corresponding connections are the yellowish green and red-white wires shown in slide 17. There is a switch to permit the computer to output characters to the TV display when the printer is not in use. It is indicated in Jobs' article and is mounted on the comptuer hoiusing so that it is not visible in these photos. I am enclosing a handwritten sheet listing some of the commands of the extended monitor, a copy of the commands of the Apple II monitor, and a disassembler listing of the extended monitor. Frankly, I believe that the extended monitor was juast a design study for the Apple II, and it is not much use for the Apple I especially if you have only 8K memory. I hope to hear something of what you have been learning before too long. Would it be worthwhile for you to start a newsletter and sell subscriptions? Yous sincerely, Arthur L. Schawlow Professor

Jan. 3, 1977

Sep. 17, 1978